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Stroke Rehabilitation: Vagus Nerve Stimulation And Virtual And Augmented Reality

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1.  During the clinical implementation of paired Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS), when should the therapist activate the VNS trigger to ensure efficacy?
  1. Before the patient begins any physical movement
  2. At the peak of a functional task, such as reaching or grasping
  3. Only after the functional task has been completed
  4. Continuously throughout the entire therapy session
2.  According to research by Kimberley et al. (2019), what is a primary benefit of pairing VNS with traditional rehabilitation approaches?
  1. t replaces the need for any physical movement by the patient.
  2. It is used primarily for speech therapy rather than motor recovery.
  3. It shows significant improvement in upper extremity motor function and supports neuroplasticity.
  4. It is the only effective treatment for hemorrhagic stroke survivors.
3.  In the context of stroke rehabilitation, how does Augmented Reality (AR) differ from Virtual Reality (VR)?
  1. AR is fully immersive and replaces the real world with a headset, while VR is semi-immersive.
  2. AR combines the real world with digital elements (e.g., seeing a virtual ball in a real backyard), while VR replaces the real world with a virtual one.
  3. AR requires a surgical implant, while VR only requires hand electrodes.
  4. AR is used only for lower extremity rehab, while VR is used for the upper extremity.
4.  A meta-analysis by Phan et al. (2022) regarding Augmented Reality (AR) in stroke rehabilitation found that:
  1. AR was less effective than traditional therapy.
  2. AR demonstrated a significant improvement for the upper extremity.
  3. AR users showed decreased motivation compared to traditional therapy.
  4. AR has no known limitations or side effects like simulator sickness.
5.  According to research by Zhang et al. (2024), what is the result of combining Virtual Reality (VR) with non-invasive brain stimulation?
  1. It is less effective than using VR alone.
  2. It only improves lower extremity gait speed.
  3. It results in significant improvement in upper extremity motor control compared to using either treatment alone.
  4. It is only effective if used without goal-directed movements.